Clinical Information

Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by deficient activity of the enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC). GALC facilitates the lysosomal degradation of psychosine (galactosylsphingosine) and 3 other substrates, galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and lactosylsphingosine. Krabbe disease is caused by variants in the GALC gene, and it has an estimated frequency of 1 in 250,000 births.

The clinical course of Krabbe disease can be variable, even within the same family. Eighty-five percent to 90% of patients present before the first year of life with central nervous system impairment, including increasing irritability, developmental delay, and sensitivity to stimuli. Rapid neurodegeneration, including white matter disease follows, with death usually occurring by 2 years of age. Late onset forms of the disease affect 10% to15% of individuals and are characterized by ataxia, vision loss, weakness, and psychomotor regression, typically presenting from age 6 months to the seventh decade of life.

Newborn screening for Krabbe disease has been implemented in some states. The early (presymptomatic) identification and subsequent testing of infants at risk for Krabbe disease may be helpful in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. While treatment is mostly supportive, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has shown some success if performed prior to onset of neurologic damage.

Psychosine is 1 of 4 substrates degraded by GALC and is a neurotoxin at elevated concentrations. It has been shown to be elevated in patients with active Krabbe disease or with saposin A cofactor deficiency and, therefore, may be a useful biomarker for the presence of disease or disease progression.

Reduced or absent GALC in leukocytes (GALCW / Galactocerebrosidase, Leukocytes) or dried blood spots (PLSD / Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders Screen, Blood Spot) along with elevated psychosine levels can indicate a diagnosis of Krabbe disease. Molecular sequencing of the GALC gene (KRABZ / Krabbe Disease, Full Gene Analysis and Large [30 kb] Deletion, Varies) allows for detection of the disease-causing variants in affected patients and carrier detection in family members.

Individuals with a disease phenotype similar to Krabbe disease may have saposin A cofactor deficiency. Saposin A cofactor deficiency also results in elevated psychosine levels. Testing for this condition via molecular analysis of PSAP is useful in those with elevated psychosine and normal to moderately reduced GALC activity with normal molecular genetic GALC sequencing.